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Inhibisjon og impulsivitet: Atferdsmessig og nevralt grunnlag for responskontroll
Forfatterlenker åpner overleggspanel,
Høydepunkter
- Inhibisjon er et grunnleggende aspekt ved enhver organisert kognitiv eller atferdsmessig respons.
- Mangelfulle hemmende prosesser (impulsivitet) påvirker hverdagen i stor grad.
- Impulsivitet regnes som et kjernetrekk ved flere psykiatriske lidelser.
- Prefrontal cortex og subkortikale strukturer samarbeider for å hemme uønskede responser.
Abstrakt
I mange tilfeller må alternative handlingsmåter og tanker hemmes for å tillate fremveksten av målrettet atferd. Dette har imidlertid ikke vært det aksepterte synet tidligere, og først nylig har hemming fått sin egen plass i nevrovitenskapene som en grunnleggende kognitiv funksjon. I denne gjennomgangen introduserer vi først konseptet hemming fra tidlige psykologiske spekulasjoner basert på filosofiske teorier om det menneskelige sinn. Det brede begrepet hemming reduseres deretter til dets mest observerbare komponent, som nødvendigvis er dets atferdsmessige manifestasjon. Studiet av «responshemming» har fordelen av å håndtere en relativt enkel og grei prosess, overstyringen av en planlagt eller allerede igangsatt handling. Mangelfulle hemmende prosesser påvirker hverdagen dyptgående og forårsaker impulsiv atferd som generelt er skadelig for individet. Impulsivitet har blitt konsekvent knyttet til flere typer avhengighet, ADHD, mani og andre psykiatriske tilstander. Vår diskusjon av atferdsvurderingen av impulsivitet vil fokusere på objektive laboratorieoppgaver med responshemming som har blitt implementert parallelt for mennesker og andre arter med relativt få kvalitative forskjeller. Det translasjonelle potensialet til disse tiltakene har forbedret vår kunnskap om det nevrobiologiske grunnlaget for atferdshemming og impulsivitet betraktelig. Vi vil deretter gjennomgå de nåværende modellene for atferdshemming sammen med deres uttrykk via underliggende hjerneområder, inkludert de som er involvert i aktivering av hjernens nødbremsoperasjon, de som er involvert i mer kontrollerte og vedvarende hemmende prosesser og andre tilleggsfunksjoner innen eksekutiv styring.
Seksjonsutdrag
Historisk introduksjon
In the words of the father of American psychology William James (1842–1910) inhibition [Lat. inhibere, to restrain] is “… not an occasional accident; it is an essential and unremitting element of our cerebral life” (James, 1890; Vol. II, p. 583). Scientists and philosophers have long been interested in the nature of inhibitory processes at the psychological, neurophysiological and cognitive level. Plato's allegory of the human soul viewed as a charioteer driving a chariot pulled by two horses
Failure of the inhibitory processes: impulsivity
“If the centres of inhibition, and thereby the faculty of attention, are weak, or present impulses unusually strong, volition is impulsive rather than deliberate”. (Ferrier, 1876, p. 287).
Impulsivity [or impulsiveness] is generally regarded as a consequence of impaired executive functioning. More specifically, an impulsive action is determined by the co-occurrence of dysfunctional inhibitory processes and strong ‘impulsions’ (or impulses), plus being triggered and modulated by dispositional and
Neural substrates of response inhibition
“The centres of inhibition being thus the essential factor of attention, constitute the organic basis of all the higher intellectual faculties. And in proportion to their development we should expect a corresponding intellectual power”. (Ferrier, 1876, p. 287)
The investigation of the neural substrates of response inhibition has been pursued using a variety of techniques and approaches. Animal models offer the possibility of testing the effects of drugs and discrete brain lesions on impulsive
Comparison with choice impulsivity and reversal learning
“Whenever choice appears in any form – as rivalry between appetites which cannot be simultaneously satisfied, as a perceived meaning attached to an ambiguous stimulus, as a planned decision between two courses of action, as a symbolic fulfillment of an unsuspected wish – it always involves an element of inhibition”. (Diamond et al., 1963; p. 145)
As previously discussed, two other families of behavioral tasks have been used to measure behavioral inhibition in clinical and preclinical settings:
Summary, conclusions and future perspectives
“I have nothing to say on the nature of the inhibitory process. I would urge, however, that here, as in all other cases, we should distinguish between the psychical and the physical; we cannot legitimately speak of any mental states as inhibitory of any physical processes, any more than we can speak of them as producing movements. I have long urged that controlling as well as directive action is displayed throughout the nervous system.” (Jackson, 1931b, p. 481)
The aim of the first part of the
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thankfully acknowledge the work of two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. AB was supported by an MRC U.K. Studentship. The review was completed within the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, supported by a joint award from the MRC and Wellcome Trust. Dedicated to the memory of our friend and colleague Daina Economidou.
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